SynthesisFrontiers in public health2026
Effectiveness of outdoor fitness equipment intervention on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Outdoor fitness equipment (OFE) is an environmental infrastructure in public areas to facilitate structured physical activity. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of OFE intervention on health outcomes. Methods: We searched five online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library) from inception to Nov 3, 2025. Randomized and non-randomized controlled studies that employed OFE interventions were included. We assessed methodological quality using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Primary outcomes included physical activity, physical fitness, psychological well-being, and other health-related results. Results: Fourteen studies underwent systematic review, of which eleventh provided sufficient data for meta-analyses, and 11 were rated as high quality. The OFE intervention notably increased physical activity. Significantly improvements were observed in physical fitness, including cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD = 0.53), lower limb muscle strength (SMD = 0.35), upper limb muscle strength (SMD = 0.25), and balance (SMD = 0.83). Improvements were also evident in psychological health, including mental well-being (SMD = 0.48), loneliness (SMD = 0.33), depression, stress symptoms, and self-efficacy. Furthermore, there were significant advancements in health-related issues such as quality of life (SMD = 1.06), fall risk (SMD = 1.01), hypertension, hypoglycemia, and blood lipid levels. Conclusion: The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of OFE intervention on health outcomes. The evidence indicates that OFE intervention effectively improves physical activity, physical fitness, psychological health, and health-related issues. High-quality RCTs are required to determine effective OFE intervention protocols and facilitate translation into practice. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023449759, CRD42023449759.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.