Trial reportClinical rehabilitation2026
The effect of breathing exercises and mindset with or without cold exposure on mental and physical health in persons with a spinal cord injury-Results of a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in Clinical rehabilitation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
ObjectiveTo examine the effects of the Wim Hof Method (WHM), with cold exposure (WHM-C) and without (WHM-NC), on mental and physical health in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignRandomized-controlled trial.SettingRehabilitation center.ParticipantsSixty-two adults with chronic SCI (37% tetraplegia, 41% motor complete) were randomized into three groups: WHM-C, WHM-NC, and usual care (UC).InterventionThe intervention groups participated in a 7-week program involving weekly supervised sessions and daily home practice. WHM-NC included breathing exercises and mindset training, while WHM-C also incorporated cold exposure. UC participants received no intervention.Main measuresThe primary outcome was the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) score. Secondary outcomes included inflammatory and metabolic markers, pulmonary function, body composition, sleep quality, spasticity, chronic pain, and psychological stress.ResultsWHM-NC had eight dropouts, mostly due to motivation or unrelated medical issues, while WHM-C and UC had one dropout each. No significant differences in MHI-5 scores were observed between groups. However, WHM-C participants reported reduced pain interference in daily activities compared to UC (p=0.027). WHM-C also showed improvements in inspiratory parameters FIV1 (+27%, p=0.02) and PIF (+23%, p=0.02) and a significant reduction in fasting glucose concentration (-6%, p=0.006) compared to UC.ConclusionsWhile 44% of WHM-NC dropped out, WHM-C appears to be a feasible, effective intervention for improving aspects of physical health and pain perception in a broad group of individuals with chronic SCI, although no significant mental health benefits were observed.
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