ReviewEBioMedicine2026
Lack of harmonisation in immunological data: challenges in synthesising data during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Review in EBioMedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Improving public health laboratory preparedness at European Union level: learning points from experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic drove the rapid development of assays to ascertain immune responses, and laboratories were required to adapt to difficult and quickly changing circumstances. While flexibility and innovation were essential, they also introduced heterogeneity in methods, reagents, and reporting practices between labs. This lack of harmonisation made it difficult to compare findings across studies, slowing evidence synthesis, and limiting the usefulness of data for modelling efforts and policy guidance. Drawing on our team's experience synthesising and modelling vaccine immunogenicity data during the pandemic, we discuss the long-term challenges of standardising human immunology research that were highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that vaccine immunogenicity studies require standardised reporting and quality assessment tools. We propose practical solutions to support comparability of laboratory-based practices, while preserving methodological diversity. By implementing changes before the next public health crisis, future research can avoid waste, strengthen certainty, and maximise policy and practice impact.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.