Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41813740›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Executive functioning in schizophrenia using a novel virtual reality-simulated workplace: validity, test-retest reliability, and links to competitive employment.

Ernest Marek Tyburski, Ewa Zawadzka, Adrianna Bober, Ewa Karabanowicz, Piotr Podwalski, Jerzy Samochowiec, Anna Michalczyk, Shane T Mueller, Michał Szelepajło, Błażej Misiak and 5 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Ernest Marek TyburskiDepartment of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland. ernest.tyburski@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-9119
Ewa ZawadzkaDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2710-4614
Adrianna BoberDepartment of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2242-2311
Ewa KarabanowiczInstitute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8018-7017
Piotr PodwalskiDepartment of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-4001
Jerzy SamochowiecDepartment of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1438-583X
Anna MichalczykDepartment of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7433-161X
Shane T MuellerPsychology and Human Factors, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-4592
Michał SzelepajłoDepartment of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1820-4071
Błażej MisiakDepartment of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-6398
Monika Folkierska-ŻukowskaDepartment of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-3483
Monika MakDepartment of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0565-2011
Michał HarciarekDivision of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-8878
Krzysztof WietrzyńskiDepartment of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-5689-1493
Ashok JansariDepartment of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0195-6322

Funding

National Science Centre in Poland no 2020/04/X/HS6/01920
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Virtual reality offers a promising avenue for the assessment of executive functioning in complex workplace environments. However, its use in schizophrenia remains limited. For that reason, we investigated the validity and test-retest reliability of the Jansari assessment of Executive Functions (JEF©) in individuals with schizophrenia and its associations with competitive employment. A total of 69 participants with schizophrenia and 67 healthy controls completed JEF© and standard tests. A subsample of 58 patients was retested after an 8-week interval. Individuals with schizophrenia performed more poorly than controls on JEF© (p < 0.001) and standard tests (p < 0.05). JEF© scores correlated with standard measures (p < 0.05), except inhibition tests, and with clinician-report of everyday problems (p < 0.001). Total score showed a good test-retest reliability and the practice adjusted RCI indicated 87.9% of patients remained stable over 8 weeks. In logistic regression, higher JEF© total score significantly predicted competitive employment after adjusting for age (p = 0.004) and remained significant when years of education were added (p = 0.014). This comprehensive evaluation indicates that JEF© is a valid and reliable tool assessing executive functions required in office work and offers an ecologically relevant complement to standard measures in schizophrenia.

Indexed as

EmploymentExecutive FunctionSchizophreniaSchizophrenic PsychologyVirtual RealityWorkplaceAdultCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsReproducibility of ResultsExecutive functionsMultitaskingPsychopathological symptomsSchizophreniaVirtual realityWork environment

Identifiers

PMID41813740
PMCPMC13102994

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.