ReviewAnnals of medicine2026
Exploring the mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils against sepsis based on immune model.
Review in Annals of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Neuroimmune regulation of post-traumatic bone regeneration: focus on inflammatory switching and functional recovery.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and remains a major global health challenge. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), as major effectors of innate immunity, are essential for antimicrobial defense but can also contribute to immune dysregulation, tissue injury, and organ failure during sepsis.
methodsWe conducted a narrative review of the literature by searching PubMed and Web of Science from database inception to November 2025. Search terms included sepsis, septic shock, neutrophils, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMNs, immunology, immune models, diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment. Peer-reviewed English-language studies and reviews focusing on neutrophil biology, immune mechanisms, diagnostic applications, and therapeutic strategies in sepsis were included.
resultsCurrent evidence shows that PMNs play a dual role in sepsis. On the one hand, they mediate pathogen clearance through chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. On the other hand, excessive or dysregulated PMN activation amplifies inflammation, disrupts endothelial and microvascular integrity, alters cellular metabolism, and promotes organ dysfunction. Sepsis is also associated with marked neutrophil phenotypic and functional changes, including altered surface marker expression, impaired migration and phagocytosis, glycolytic reprogramming, and abnormal intercellular signaling. Emerging biomarkers, immune-related prognostic models, and artificial intelligence-assisted approaches may improve risk stratification and individualized management.
conclusionsPMNs are central to the immunopathogenesis of sepsis and represent promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Further studies on neutrophil heterogeneity, metabolic adaptation, and immune interactions may support the development of more precise diagnostic and immunomodulatory strategies.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.