ArticleJournal of diabetes research2026
Global Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Attributable to Tobacco Exposure Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes, 1990-2021: A Systematic Analysis of GBD 2021 Data With Projections to 2042.
Article in Journal of diabetes research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
backgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has emerged as a pressing global health challenge, and tobacco exposure constitutes a major modifiable risk factor-particularly among middle-aged and elderly populations. However, a comprehensive understanding of the global burden of tobacco exposure-attributable mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in this demographic remains limited.
objectiveThis study is aimed at quantifying the global burden of deaths and DALYs attributable to tobacco exposure among middle-aged and elderly individuals with T2DM from 1990 to 2021. Simultaneously, this study assesses disparities across regions, genders, and age groups; examines associations with the sociodemographic index (SDI); and forecasts trends in disease burden from 2022 to 2042.
methodUtilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, which encompasses 204 countries and territories, we assessed burden counts and rates per 100,000 population among individuals aged 55 years and older. We further computed the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) and applied age-period-cohort (APC) modeling, frontier analysis, and Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) forecasting models to enable comprehensive analysis.
resultsGlobally, tobacco exposure-attributable T2DM deaths increased by 101.10%, and DALYs rose by 140.38%, though the mortality rate decreased by 9.13%. Regions with middle and low-middle SDI shouldered the highest burden of tobacco-attributable T2DM. High-SDI regions demonstrated the most substantial declines in burden rates, whereas low-middle-SDI regions experienced the largest relative increases. Males exhibited greater mortality and DALYs counts compared to females, while females showed more pronounced reductions in burden trends. APC modeling further indicated that advancing age correlated with elevated risks of tobacco exposure-attributable T2DM outcomes, whereas younger birth cohorts showed lower risks. Frontier analysis identified middle-SDI countries (e.g., Kiribati) as exhibiting the greatest deviation from optimal performance. Projections through 2042 indicate that the mortality rate is projected to continue declining: It will reach 9.25 per 100,000 aged ≥ 55 population in 2030 (95% CI: 8.64-9.85) and 8.57 per 100,000 aged ≥ 55 population in 2042 (95% CI: 6.89-10.24).
conclusionsTobacco exposure-attributable T2DM burden demonstrates marked variations across geographic regions, sex, and age groups, highlighting the imperative for targeted interventions in low-middle-SDI regions. Tobacco control strategies from high-SDI regions serve as scalable models for mitigating this preventable disease burden.
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