SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2026
Relationship between COVID-19 and "three inflammations and one deafness": a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The relationship between "three inflammations and one deafness" (allergic rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, tinnitus, and deafness) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently unclear, and this study aims to investigate their correlation. Methods: We searched the relevant literature in three databases (Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed) from their inception through July 2024, and the investigator strictly reviewed the literature according to the screening criteria to determine the included studies. We extracted relevant data information and conducted quality assessment and meta-analysis. Results: From 5,950 records screened, five cohort studies were included. The pooled analysis using a random-effects model showed no statistically significant association between COVID-19 and "three inflammations and one deafness" (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.85-1.26, Conclusions: This meta-analysis found no consistent association between COVID-19 and "three inflammations and one deafness," primarily due to significant heterogeneity. Evidence suggests a link between COVID-19 and physician-diagnosed "three inflammations and one deafness," which strongly depends on the rigor of outcome assessment, highlighting the need for standardized clinical diagnoses in future research. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023438076.
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