Community participation and technological innovation: Baseline qualitative insights to inform a five-year cohort on drone-based dengue surveillance in Malaysia.

backgroundTo inform a prospective cohort study five-year automated surveillance study, this study explores households and stakeholder perceptions of using drones for mosquito breeding site surveillance as part of dengue control strategies in Selangor, Malaysia. A qualitative design identified diverse perspectives across eight high-risk localities. Data were collected through 480 in-depth interviews with household heads, from a newly established cohort of households, and six key informant interviews with public health professionals. Participants were selected using typical case and expert sampling methods to ensure representation across socioeconomic and urban heterogeneity.

methodsThis study developed a conceptual framework integrating community-based vector control, public health technology adoption, and drone-assisted surveillance, structured into five stages: Inputs, Processes, Outputs, Outcomes, and Impacts. It was applied in Selangor, Malaysia, a dengue-endemic state, to assess the feasibility and perception of drone-based interventions. Data were collected through 480 in-depth household interviews and six key informant interviews with public health experts, using semi-structured formats. Thematic analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke's approach to identify recurring patterns across technical, organizational, and social dimensions of implementation.

resultsParticipants supported drone use when positioned as mosquito breeding site monitoring tools rather than personal surveillance. Transparent communication about purpose, data use, and operational boundaries was key to maintaining trust. Targeted use in known mosquito hotspots was preferred over random surveillance. Privacy concerns were minimal, and most households strongly supported using drones for surveillance of mosquito habitats to aid in dengue control. Many simply requested advance notice of flight schedules to stay informed and engaged.

conclusionsCommunity motivation stemmed from a sense of collective responsibility, with most participants valuing their involvement as a contribution to neighborhood well-being. Trust, transparency, and consistent communication were identified as essential for long-term engagement and the success of the project. These findings underscore the importance of aligning innovation with local social dynamics and demonstrate the value of participatory approaches in public health surveillance technologies interventions.