ReviewJournal of ultrasound2026
Porcelain gallbladder revisited.
Review in Journal of ultrasound, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Porcelain gallbladder (PG), characterized radiographically by gallbladder wall calcification, is a rare condition with significant clinical importance due to its association with gallbladder cancer (5-22%). This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular mechanisms of PG development. Strong correlation with gallstones (> 60%) establishes cholelithiasis as the primary risk factor, with female sex, advanced age, and metabolic disorders also contributing significantly. The pathogenesis involves sustained inflammation, leading to fibrosis, scarring, and ultimately calcium deposition. At the molecular level, pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activation, and fibroblast differentiation ultimately result in collagen deposition and calcification. Estrogen contributes to female predominance through reduced gallbladder motility and increased cholesterol secretion via ESR1, ESR2, and GPER1 receptors. Postmenopausal women remain at risk despite lower estrogen levels due to antioxidant system changes and structural alterations from previous pregnancies. Emerging evidence suggests roles for Helicobacter pylori and other urease-producing bacteria in PG development. The relationship between calcification patterns and malignancy remains controversial, with incomplete calcification potentially carrying higher cancer risk. This review synthesizes current knowledge while highlighting areas requiring further investigation. Evaluation of the urinary bladder for calcification and malignancy is advised when PG is detected, to explore potential associations for future research.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.