ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Combined carbon ion radiotherapy and immunotherapy: leveraging the immunological advantages of carbon ion.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents a systemic approach to cancer treatment; however, its effectiveness can be limited by intrinsic tumor resistance or immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. In contrast, carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) demonstrates considerable immunomodulatory potential owing to its distinct biological properties. The exposure of tumor-associated antigens, increased immune cell infiltration and activity, and modifications in the immune microenvironment after CIRT provide a mechanistic rationale for combining CIRT with immunotherapy. Furthermore, strategies aimed at converting the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory, or those targeting immune checkpoints, are currently under active exploration. This review summarizes the latest advances in combining heavy ion radiotherapy with immunotherapy, encompassing both preclinical and clinical studies. Based on the immunological advantages of CIRT, it provides a comprehensive summary and in-depth exploration of the potential of this combined treatment modality for future clinical applications, along with a theoretical foundation to support it.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.