ArticleVeterinary world2026
Proteomic signatures of cervical mucus associated with fertility in Bali heifers (
Article in Veterinary world, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Aim: Despite strong adaptive traits, the reproductive efficiency of Bali cattle ( Materials and Methods: The study was conducted between February and August 2024 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Forty clinically healthy Bali heifers (2-3 years old) were sampled during natural oestrus and divided into good CM (GCM; n = 20) and poor CM (PCM; n = 20) groups using a validated five-parameter biophysical scoring system. CM proteins were extracted and analyzed using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. High-confidence protein identification was achieved at <1% false discovery rate, and differential abundance was evaluated using Benjamini-Hochberg correction (p < 0.05). Functional enrichment, correlation analysis with mucus traits, and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analyses with cross-validation were performed. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between GCM and PCM groups for appearance, viscosity, spinnbarkeit, and ferning pattern, while pH did not differ. A total of 52 proteins were identified after quality control, of which 13 showed significant differential abundance. GCM was characterized by higher levels of NT5E, lactoferrin, SCGB1D, and lactotransferrin, whereas PCM showed enrichment of complement factor I (CFI), haptoglobin (HP), MUC5AC, FAIM2, TIMP2, PEBP4, SAA3, GRP, and IGL. Functional enrichment analysis indicated anti-inflammatory and epithelial-protective pathways in GCM, in contrast to complement activation, proteolysis, and oxidative remodeling in PCM. ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discriminative performance for NT5E (GCM) and CFI and haptoglobin (PCM), each achieving an area under the curve of 1.00 in this cohort. Conclusion: This study offers the first proteomic evidence connecting CM composition to fertility-related traits in Bali heifers. NT5E, CFI, and HP stand out as promising biomarkers for fertility screening, providing a molecular framework to improve AI efficiency and selection strategies in indigenous cattle.
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