ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026
Immunotherapies for risk reduction in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases: impact of sex and treatment duration.
Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies are associated with reduced risk of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases: impact of sex and treatment duration.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
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3 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and non-AD dementias share chronic neuroinflammatory mechanisms that contribute to neuronal injury and disease progression. While anti-inflammatory therapies (AITs) are associated with reduced neurodegenerative disease risk, knowledge regarding the impact of biological sex and treatment duration across multiple NDDs remains limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using a large propensity-score-matched population (n = 190,308; 95,154 treated vs 95,154 untreated) to evaluate associations between long-term AIT exposure and incidence of major NDDs. Disease-specific and combined outcomes were assessed across drug classes (NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunomodulators), sex, age, and therapy duration. Results: AIT exposure was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing any NDD (RR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.43-0.48, p < .0001) and was equally effective in both sexes. Risk reduction was observed for each individual disease: AD (RR = 0.40), non-AD dementia (RR = 0.51), PD (RR = 0.43), MS (RR = 0.25), and ALS (RR = 0.48). Among drug classes, immunomodulators conferred the largest reduction (RR = 0.19), followed by corticosteroids (RR = 0.41) and NSAIDs (RR = 0.42). Duration analyses revealed a graded benefit, with RR declining from 0.94 (<1 year) to 0.25 (>6 years). Risk reduction was strongest in older participants (75-79 years). Discussion: Chronic use of anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory therapies was associated with substantially reduced incidence of multiple neurodegenerative diseases in both sexes. The strongest effects were observed with immunomodulator use and prolonged therapy duration, suggesting that sustained modulation of systemic inflammation confers broad neuroprotective effects in both sexes. These findings highlight the potential of targeting immune-inflammatory pathways for neurodegenerative disease prevention and can inform prospective mechanistic and interventional studies.
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