Evidence mapPaperPMID 41824426Full record

ArticlePloS one2026

Capacity and site readiness for hypertension control program implementation in Nigeria: A nationwide cross-sectional study.

Innocent Ijezie Chukwuonye, Ejiroghene Martha Umuerri, Abigail Baldridge, Yekeen Ayodele Ayoola, Mahmoud Umar Sani, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Olanike Allison Orimolade, Miracle Erinma Chukwuonye, Kalu Ulu Kalu, Caleb Ogechi Raphael and 13 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

23 authors.

Innocent Ijezie ChukwuonyeDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Nigeria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1190-135X
Ejiroghene Martha UmuerriDepartment of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
Abigail BaldridgeCenter for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America.
Yekeen Ayodele AyoolaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe, Gombe, Nigeria.
Mahmoud Umar SaniDepartment of Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.
Okechukwu Samuel OgahDepartment of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Olanike Allison OrimoladeDepartment of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Miracle Erinma ChukwuonyeDepartment of Family Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Kalu Ulu KaluAbia State Primary Health Care Department Agency, Umuahia, Abia State.
Caleb Ogechi RaphaelDepartment of Public Health Nutrition, University of Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria.
Nyemike Simeon AwunorDepartment of Community Medicine, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria.
Obatavwe UkobaDepartment of Community Medicine, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria.
Felicity Chinyere OdohDepartment of Community Medicine, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria.
Henry Ifeanyichukwu OkolieDepartment of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe State, Nigeria.
Mustapha Abdulsalam DanimohDepartment of Community Medicine, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.
Apollos DanielDepartment of Paediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe State, Nigeria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9067-0325
Usman Muhammad IbrahimDepartment of Community Medicine, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria.
Sabiu Mohammed HamzaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria.
Oluwatosin Zinnat MakindeFountain Heart Clinic, Remilekun House, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Adeyemi Sunday AdewoleOyo State Primary HealthCare Development Agency, State Secretariat, Agodi Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Dike Bevis OjjiDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria.
Mark D HuffmanDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-2519
Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria Program Investigators

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe aim of this study is to determine the capacity and readiness of Nigerian primary healthcare facilities to adopt a multi-level approach for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension.

methodsUsing a multi-stage sampling technique, 5 states were selected for the nationwide study, and 10 Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) were selected from each of the participating states. The 50 PHCs were evaluated using the World Health Organization-modified Service Availability and Readiness Assessment, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in Nigeria. The indicator scores for general and cardiovascular service preparedness were computed using the proportion of PHCs with accessible facilities, tools, diagnostic guidelines, and prescription drugs.

resultsA majority of PHCs (n = 43; 86%) reported having two or more full-time staff. The median number of full-time employees for the 50 PHCs was 6 (IQR = 2-9), and for the community health extension workers (CHEWs), the median was 2, the interquartile range (IQR) = 0-4. None of the PHCs had full-time physicians. Ninety-eight percent, 94%, and 84% of the 50 PHCs are able to provide screening services, diagnose, and confirm hypertension, respectively. In addition, 98% of the PHCs had functional blood pressure apparatus. However, only a minority of PHCs had the guidelines (24%), treatment algorithms (27%), and facilities. Most of the 50 PHCs (96%) use electronic patient records in their respective centres. Of the 50 PHCs studied, 66% had at least one 30-day antihypertensive treatment regimen in stock. The most commonly available drug classes were calcium channel blockers (72%), followed by diuretics (42%), central acting agents (38%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (36%). The median number of 30-day regimens in stock was 15 (IQR 0-132).

conclusionThis first large-scale systematic assessment of capacity and readiness for a system-level hypertension control program within five states of Nigeria demonstrated implementation feasibility based on the workforce, equipment, and health information systems, but there is a critical need for health-worker training and provision of protocols for hypertension treatment and control, as well as some need to strengthen the essential medicine supply chain.

Indexed as

HypertensionPrimary Health CareAntihypertensive AgentsCross-Sectional StudiesHumansNigeriaAntihypertensive Agents

Identifiers

PMID41824426
PMCPMC12987462

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.