Evidence mapPaperPMID 41824949Full record

Trial reportJournal of medical Internet research2026

Effect of a Digital-Driven Physician-Pharmacist Collaborative Model for Diabetes in Primary Health Care: Cluster Randomized Trial.

Jie Xiao, Qing Wang, Shenglan Tan, Lei Chen, Daxiong Xiang, Haiyan Yuan, Xia Li, Shuting Huang, Bingjie Tang, Yan Guo and 7 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of medical Internet research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Jie XiaoDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2261-5682
Qing WangDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-3372
Shenglan TanDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-7195
Lei ChenDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-1621
Daxiong XiangDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-6574
Haiyan YuanDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7355-0287
Xia LiDepartment of Endocrine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8665-7983
Shuting HuangDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3379-7012
Bingjie TangDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9254-6285
Yan GuoDepartment of Pharmacy, Taoyuan People's Hospital, Changde, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-8550
Haiying HuangDepartment of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Liuyang, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5107-4710
Danhui ZhaoDepartment of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Pingjiang, Yueyang, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8113-9111
Yue LiDepartment of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Ningxiang, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-0407
Li WangDepartment of Pharmacy, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1742-2720
Qun LiDepartment of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7832-8052
Juan LiuDepartment of Pharmacy, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2109-0098
Ping XuDepartment of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8692-0219

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEvidence-based physician-pharmacist collaborative clinics have demonstrated significant short-term benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but their long-term effectiveness remains unclear, especially in primary health care settings.

objectiveThis study aimed to explore the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a novel, digital-driven, multifaceted physician-pharmacist collaborative model for managing patients with T2D in underresourced settings.

methodsWe conducted a 12-month cluster randomized controlled trial from May 2021 to December 2022 across 6 primary health care settings in China. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, the intervention involved routine therapy from physicians along with pharmaceutical interventions from pharmacists. These were delivered through a combination of face-to-face visits and mobile health care. The intervention group received 4 face-to-face visits and biweekly remote education sessions over the 12 months. We conducted intention-to-treat analyses to estimate differences in clinical and behavior indicators between the intervention and control groups. Primary outcomes included glycosylated hemoglobin and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. Data were analyzed using adjusted generalized estimation equations.

resultsThis study included 574 patients (291 in the intervention group and 283 in the control group). Over 12 months, patients in the intervention group had significant reductions in hemoglobin A

conclusionsThese findings suggest that the physician-pharmacist collaborative model could improve the long-term quality and efficiency of T2D management and reduce medical costs in underresourced areas globally. Patients with T2D, especially those with central obesity or high cardiovascular risk, may benefit more from collaborative clinics.

trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000031839; https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=51910.

Indexed as

Cooperative BehaviorDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2PharmacistsPhysiciansPrimary Health CareAgedChinaCost-Benefit AnalysisDigital HealthFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleMiddle AgedTelemedicineGlycated Hemoglobinatherosclerotic cardiovascular riskcentral obesitycost-effectiveness analysisdiabetes mellitusglycemic controlphysician-pharmacist collaboration

Identifiers

PMID41824949
PMCPMC13032096

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.