Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41826561›Full record

ReviewMolecular biomedicine2026

Organoids: technology refining, current applications and future directions.

Xianda Cheng, Ziqi Fang, Jianhui Sun, Liyu Liu, Yan Yang, Junyi Wang, Jianwei Shuai, Xikun Zhou, Ping Lin, Gen Yang and 2 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecular biomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Human cardiovascular organoids: Biomedical applications and ethical challenges.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Xianda Cheng *College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
Ziqi Fang *Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
Jianhui SunBiological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
Liyu LiuWenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
Yan YangMedical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Junyi WangLaboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China.
Jianwei ShuaiWenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
Xikun ZhouDepartment of Biotherapy, Cancer Center & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory Chengdu, Chengdu, 610041, China.
Ping LinBiological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
Gen YangState Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. gen.yang@pku.edu.cn.
Xiuli BiCollege of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China. xiulibi@gmail.com.
Min WuWenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325000, China. minwoo2022@126.com.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 8247005
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Organoids are derived from pluripotent stem cells or tissue stem cells, progenitor cells, or differentiated cells from healthy or diseased tissues (e.g., tumors). Numerous organoid engineering strategies have been tested to support the culture, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of organoids. A variety of organoids and organoid-on-chips have also been constructed to reflect real environments of human and mouse organs. Currently, four major areas of potential application for organoids include disease modeling, anticancer drug screening, drug toxicology testing, and gene/cell therapy. For cancer immunotherapy, immune organoids based on co-culturing human tumor cells have been used as a critical platform for drug screening and targeted therapy. This review summarizes recent advances in organoid culture, lists the methods for constructing organoids and their main applications, and highlights its value as a tool for precise cancer modeling. Given the enormous potential of organoids as an in vitro culture model in cancer treatment, we also discussed organoid-based methods for angiogenesis and immune microenvironment modeling, and analyzed the wide range of applications of immune organoids, such as testing treatment response, exploring mechanisms of drug resistance, optimizing treatment strategies, and guiding drug development. Finally, we attempt to look into the critical challenges and bright prospects for cancer organoid research.

Indexed as

OrganoidsAnimalsCell Culture TechniquesHumansImmunotherapyNeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentImmune organoidsImmunotherapyOrganoidsTumorTumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID41826561
PMCPMC12988128

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.