Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41828392›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026

In Vitro Thrombogenicity Evaluation of Hemodialyzers.

Adam M Zawada, Robert Nitschel, Craig Kamerath, Nathan Crook, Skyler Boyington, Ansgar Erlenkoetter

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Adam M ZawadaProduct Development, Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, 66606 Sankt Wendel, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-9353-2943
Robert NitschelBiosciences, Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, 66606 Sankt Wendel, Germany.
Craig KamerathApplications Laboratory, Fresenius Medical Care, Ogden, UT 84404, USA.
Nathan CrookApplications Laboratory, Fresenius Medical Care, Ogden, UT 84404, USA.
Skyler BoyingtonApplications Laboratory, Fresenius Medical Care, Ogden, UT 84404, USA.
Ansgar ErlenkoetterBiosciences, Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, 66606 Sankt Wendel, Germany.ORCID 0009-0005-9559-8109

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Investigation of dialyzer thrombogenicity is a critical step during the development of a new dialyzer. Novel dialyzer membranes aim to reduce the inherent thrombogenic potential of artificial surfaces by, e.g., increasing membrane hydrophilicity. Reliable in vitro testing is fundamental during dialyzer development and must be in line with the current standards. Using the novel FX CorAL dialyzer with its increased membrane hydrophilicity as an example, this study characterizes dialyzer thrombogenicity in an in vitro test setup in line with ISO 10993-4 and identifies factors which influence dialyzer thrombogenicity. In a recirculation setup with human blood, platelet activation (platelet counts, β-thromboglobulin, platelet adsorption), coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin III complex) and complement activation (sC5b-9) were investigated among polysulfone- (FX CorAL, FX CorDiax, Optiflux, xevonta), polyethersulfone- (ELISIO, Revaclear, Theranova) and AN69 ST-based (Nephral) dialyzers. Additionally, the impact of dialysate and electrolyte composition on thrombogenicity was investigated. The FX CorAL showed the lowest platelet activation compared to all poly(ether)sulfone-based dialyzers and lower complement activation compared to most poly(ether)sulfone-based dialyzers and to the Nephral dialyzer. No significant differences were observed between the investigated dialyzers with regard to plasmatic coagulation. Among the tested parameters, the dialyzer showed the strongest impact on the thrombogenicity results. This study proposes guidance on in vitro testing of dialyzer thrombogenicity in line with current standards and may contribute to reducing the current heterogeneity among in vitro hemocompatibility testing.

Indexed as

Renal DialysisThrombosisbeta-ThromboglobulinBlood CoagulationBlood PlateletsComplement ActivationComplement Membrane Attack ComplexHumansHydrophobic and Hydrophilic InteractionsMembranes, ArtificialPlatelet ActivationPlatelet CountPolyether CompoundsPolymersSulfonesbeta-ThromboglobulinComplement Membrane Attack ComplexMembranes, ArtificialPolyether Compoundspolyether sulfonePolymersSC5b-9 protein complexSulfonescoagulationdialyzer membraneplatelet activationthrombogenicity

Identifiers

PMID41828392
PMCPMC12984260

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.