ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Astroglial and Neuronal Injury Markers (GFAP, UCHL-1, NfL, Tau, S100B) as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in PTSD and Neurological Disorders.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Astrocytes in Parkinson's Disease: From Guardians to Accomplices.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly recognized as a neurobiological condition involving persistent neuroinflammation, glial dysfunction, and neuronal injury. Chronic stress induces dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and progressive neural damage. These processes are reflected in circulating biomarkers that provide insight into underlying molecular pathology. This article focuses on key astroglial and neuronal injury markers-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL-1), neurofilament light chain (NfL), tau protein, and S100B-as indicators of stress-related brain dysfunction in PTSD. GFAP and S100B reflect astrocyte activation and BBB permeability, while UCHL-1, NfL, and tau indicate neuronal injury, axonal degeneration, and cytoskeletal instability. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests that altered levels of these biomarkers are associated with symptom severity, cognitive impairment, and neuroinflammatory activity in PTSD, often overlapping with mechanisms observed in neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the current understanding of the biological significance and clinical relevance of these biomarkers and highlights their potential utility for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and risk stratification. The combined assessment of astroglial and neuronal markers may support a more precise, biologically grounded approach to PTSD and facilitate the development of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.