ReviewCureus2026
Maternal Thyroid Disorders and Their Effects on the Metabolic Profile of Breast Milk: A Systematic Review.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human breast milk composition is inextricably linked to maternal physiology, yet the impact of thyroid dysfunction on this biological matrix remains undercharacterized. Given that lactation serves as the primary metabolic conduit for the neonate, alterations in the milk metabolic profile could have profound developmental consequences. This study investigates metabolomic and proteomic differentiations in breast milk associated with maternal thyroid abnormalities to evaluate their potential implications for infant growth and neurodevelopment. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies investigating the impact of maternal thyroid disorders on the metabolomic and proteomic composition of human breast milk. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized to assess the risk of bias in the selected studies. The study was also registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD420261296307). Nine studies were included in the review. The most consistent finding was a significant alteration of the milk lipidome, characterized by an increase in saturated fatty acids and a depletion of neurocritical lipids, such as glycerophospholipids and nervonic acid. Hypothyroidism was associated with reduced total protein content and downregulation of membrane proteins, including adipophilin and butyrophilin. Additionally, thyroid dysfunction correlated with decreased levels of sialylated oligosaccharides. Conversely, specific immune modulators, such as the Ig gamma-3 chain, were upregulated. Although the primary complement system components remained unchanged, a significant increase was observed in CD59, an inhibitor of complement activation. Maternal thyroid dysfunction induces profound metabolomic and proteomic alterations in breast milk, fundamentally compromising its nutritional and structural integrity. The specific depletion of neurocritical lipids and immunomodulatory oligosaccharides, along with enzymatic downregulation, suggests a mechanism underlying impaired neurodevelopment, immune susceptibility, and digestive dysfunction in the neonate. These compositional defects may drive adverse "metabolic programming," predisposing offspring to immediate complications and long-term risks, including cognitive deficits and metabolic disorders. Consequently, strict management of maternal thyroid health is essential to preserve the biological quality of breast milk and optimize neonatal outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.