ArticleJournal of human immunity2026
Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs in 40% of patients with WNV encephalitis in seven new cohorts.
Abstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Journal of human immunity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons underlie a third of cases of Chikungunya virus encephalitis or myelitis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- High risk of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in myasthenia gravis patients with type I IFN autoantibodies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Toward a monogenic architecture of human infections: From 1996 to 2026.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Human antibodies against West Nile and related orthoflaviviruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- High risk of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in myasthenia gravis patients with type I IFN autoantibodies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Pharmaceutical Strategies for West Nile Virus in Europe, an Underrecognized Cause of Severe Disease and Mortality in Older Adults: From Supportive Care to Antiviral Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
55 authors.
Adrian Gervais *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-5787
Francesca Trespidi *Host-Pathogen Interaction Group and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7206-6796
Alessandro Ferrari *Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-7079
Francesca Rovida *Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-2790
Astrid Marchal *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0648-8126
Stefania Croce *Cell Factory, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9176-4257
Irene Cassaniti *Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-2088
Mattia MorattiPediatric Unit, University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-9563
Jennifer L UhrlaubDepartment of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7745-0179
David M FlorianCenter for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2086-843X
Karin StiasnyCenter for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-8674
Elisa BurdinoLaboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4324-8412
Micol AngeliniHost-Pathogen Interaction Group and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7255-4115
Lucy BizienLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-9122
Daniele LilleriMicrobiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-7622
Veronica CodulloRheumatology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-8514
Tal FreundAllergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4532-979X
Yael ParanInfection Diseases Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-5865
Avi GadothDepartment of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1917-9349
Roni BiranInfection Diseases Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9708-4022
Alessandro ManconLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1490-636X
Camilla LuccaDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-9620
Stefania VogiatzisDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5959-5811
Monia PacentiMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9792-9195
Mélodie AubartLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-7930
Marco ZeccaPediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-1744
Patrizia ComoliCell Factory, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5964-0553
Maria Antonietta AvanziniCell Factory, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6056-9018
Jacques FellaySchool of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8240-939X
Antonio PirallaMicrobiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-2579
Francesca ContiPediatric Unit, University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3665-8926
Alberto DolciLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9833-7538
Luisa BarzonDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-8456
Valeria GhisettiLaboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-190X
Tiziana LazzarottoMicrobiology Unit, University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3093-363X
Danilo CeredaDG Welfare, Lombardy, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-5710
Alessandro AiutiPediatric Immunohematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-1717
Emmanuelle JouanguyLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7358-9157
Paul Bastard *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5926-8437
Margaret R MacDonald *Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5177-2068
Charles M Rice *Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-8079
Anne Puel *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2603-0323
Laurent Abel *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7016-6493
Giada Rossini *Microbiology Unit, University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2983-4578
Davide Mileto *Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9414-0287
Yannick Simonin *Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-1369
Anna Nagy *National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4081-2308
David Hagin *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2702-1031
Kristy O Murray *Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-3413
Fausto Baldanti *Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3358-8969
Judith H Aberle *Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1197-3935
Aurélie Cobat *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-6257
Shen-Ying Zhang *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-3672
Jean-Laurent Casanova *Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-4169
Alessandro Borghesi *Host-Pathogen Interaction Group and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Research Hospital (Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo), Pavia, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-9144
Funding
Systems investigation of vaccine responses in B cell depleted autoimmune patientsU19AI089992 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI Albert C Shaw · 2010 to 2026
$50.4MDeveloping, Demonstrating, and Disseminating Innovative Programs to Achieve Translational SuccessUL1TR001866 · NCATS · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI COLLER, BARRY, KRUEGER, JAMES G · 2016 to 2025
$40.6MUnraveling yellow fever 17D vaccine attenuation: The role of type I interferon and innate immunityR01AI124690 · NIAID · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI Charles M Rice · 2016 to 2026
$8.3MType I interferon-stimulated genes and the antiviral immune responseR01AI091707 · NIAID · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI RICE, CHARLES M · 2011 to 2020
$5.5MInborn errors of immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19R01AI163029 · NIAID · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI CASANOVA, JEAN-LAURENT, ZHANG, QIAN · 2021 to 2025
$3.7MRenal And Neurological Outcomes In Chronically Infected West Nile Virus PatientsR01AI091816 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCI CTR HOUSTON · PI MURRAY, KRISTY · 2011 to 2014
$1.5MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001866NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI091707NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI091816NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI124690NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI163029NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI089992
Abstract
Mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a growing global health problem. About 0.5% of infected individuals develop encephalitis. We previously showed that 40% of patients in six cohorts had WNV encephalitis because of circulating autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs. In seven new cohorts, we found that the prevalence of auto-Abs was highest (40% [17-44%]) in patients with encephalitis and very low in a small sample of individuals with asymptomatic or mild infection. In the 13 European, Middle Eastern, and American cohorts available, odds ratios (OR) for WNV encephalitis in individuals with these auto-Abs relative to those without them in a large sample of the general population untested for WNV infection range from ∼20 (OR = 17.7; 95% CI: 13.8-22.8, P < 10
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.