ArticleScientific reports2026
Co-incorporation of Phosphorus and zinc into wollastonite ceramic granules synergically facilitating thin-walled structures regeneration.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bone regeneration of oral and maxillofacial defects in situ remains a significant clinical challenge. This study investigates the synergistic effects of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) co-doping in wollastonite bioceramics to enhance osteogenic activity and antibacterial potential for bone repair. Cylindrical bioceramic granules with varying P/Zn ratios (CSi-P8: CSi-Zn6 = 3:0, 2:1, 1:2 and 0:3) were fabricated via co-precipitation and evaluated for in-vitro bioactivity, cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and antibacterial performance. The experimental results demonstrated that the co-doped groups (8P/6Zn-2:1 and 8P/6Zn-1:2) exhibited superior hydroxyapatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF), sustained Ca²⁺/Si⁴⁺ ion release, and synergistic osteogenic effects, as evidenced by elevated RUNX2/β-catenin expression and BMSC proliferation. Zn doping conferred dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (93% inhibition for 8P/6Zn-0:3). In vivo cranial defect experiments in rabbits revealed that the 8P/6Zn-2:1 granules significantly promoted new bone trabeculae formation and defect closure within 16 weeks, outperforming single-doped and control groups. Histological and micro-CT analyses confirmed enhanced bone volume fraction (BV/TV%) and trabecular density (Tb.N) in the co-doped groups. These findings highlight the dual functionality of P/Zn co-doped wollastonite (e.g. 8P/6Zn-2:1), where P enhances osteogenesis via increasing the expression of RUNX2/β-catenin and apatite deposition, while Zn provides antibacterial protection, offering more promising implants for infected oral bone defects.
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