ArticlePLoS biology2026
Systematic identification of Salmonella T6SS effectors uncovers diverse new families and lipid-targeting activities.
Article in PLoS biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Type VI Secretion Systems inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- The SPI-6 T6SS gene cluster fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial warfare is a widespread phenomenon in which bacteria deploy toxins to inhibit or kill competitors. These toxins disrupt essential cellular processes, and their diversification is driven by an evolutionary arms race involving toxin and immunity gene acquisition. Here, we used in-silico approaches to analyze genomes from the 10k Salmonella Project and identify effectors secreted via the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS). We uncovered 128 candidates distributed across diverse Salmonella serovars and other bacterial species. Among them, Tox-Act1 was selected for in-depth characterization. Tox-Act1 contains a permuted NlpC/P60 papain-like catalytic core typical of lipid-targeting enzymes. Evolutionary analysis revealed its relationship with acyltransferases. Biochemical assays and lipidomics of intoxicated cells showed that Tox-Act1 acts as a phospholipase, cleaving phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. We further demonstrate that Tox-Act1 is secreted in a T6SS-dependent manner and provides a competitive advantage during mouse gut colonization. This study broadens our understanding of toxin domain diversity and provides the first direct characterization of a lipid-targeting NlpC/P60 toxin domain.
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