Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41846252›Full record

ReviewAnnals of medicine2026

Research progress on the molecular mechanisms of PD-1 and LAG-3 synergy in regulating T cell exhaustion and immunotherapy.

Mei Li, Danxia Duan, Chengyuan Liu, Qiuxia Xiong

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Annals of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Mei LiDepartment of Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.ORCID 0009-0005-4141-9355
Danxia DuanDepartment of Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
Chengyuan LiuDepartment of Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
Qiuxia XiongDepartment of Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPD-1 and LAG-3 are immune checkpoint molecules frequently co-expressed in the tumor microenvironment, where they synergistically drive T-cell exhaustion and immune escape. Dual blockade of these pathways represents a promising strategy to overcome immunotherapy resistance.

methodsThis review systematically synthesizes mechanistic studies on PD-1/LAG-3 synergy and summarizes preclinical and clinical advances in dual blockade therapies, with emphasis on bispecific antibodies and combination trial data.

resultsPD-1 and LAG-3 cooperatively suppress T-cell function

conclusionDespite demonstrated efficacy, challenges including variable response rates, resistance mechanisms, and immune-related adverse events remain. Future efforts should prioritize biomarker identification and regimen optimization to enable precision application of dual blockade.

Indexed as

Antigens, CDImmunotherapyNeoplasmsProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorAnimalsAntibodies, BispecificHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsLymphocyte Activation Gene 3 ProteinT-Cell ExhaustionTumor EscapeTumor MicroenvironmentAntibodies, BispecificAntigens, CDImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsLag3 protein, humanLymphocyte Activation Gene 3 ProteinPDCD1 protein, humanProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorT cell exhaustion PD-1 LAG-3Tumor immunitytumor immunologytumor immunotherapy

Identifiers

PMID41846252
PMCPMC13003895

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.