Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41847291›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention2026

Inequality in prevalence of unmedicated hypertension or diabetes among older Filipinos: analysis of nationally representative survey data.

Aleli D Kraft, Kayleen Gene R Calicdan, Joseph J Capuno, Mark Ryan B Paguirigan, Christian Joy P Cruz, Owen O'Donnell

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Aleli D KraftSchool of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines.
Kayleen Gene R CalicdanSchool of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines.
Joseph J CapunoSchool of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines.
Mark Ryan B PaguiriganPopulation Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines.
Christian Joy P CruzPopulation Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines.
Owen O'DonnellSchool of Economics and School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Public clinics in the Philippines provide free anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic medications, removing the price barrier to accessing effective treatments. We aimed to assess whether this is sufficient to eliminate inequality in prevalence of unmedicated hypertension (HTN) or diabetes (DM) among older Filipinos diagnosed with either condition. Methods: We used cross-sectional survey data from a sample representative of the Philippines' population aged 60+ years in 2018-19. We selected participants who reported being diagnosed with HTN or DM. We estimated the probability of not taking medication for either condition ( Results: We estimated that 30.7% [95% CI: 26.1, 35.5] of older Filipinos diagnosed with HTN or DM were unmedicated. Age-sex adjusted prevalence was higher at lower wealth (poorest: 57.8%; 43.2, 71.5) and education (≤elementary: 34.5%; 29.5, 39.8). Prevalence was also higher for those who were: diagnosed with DM only, male, rural, living alone, not working, not receiving remittances, not senior citizen registered, cognitively impaired and smokers. With full adjustment, the poorest-richest quintile RD was 28.3 percentage points (pp) [13.6, 43.0] and the lowest-highest education RD was 4.2 pp [-6.9, 15.3]. Conclusions: High and unequal risk of being unmedicated for diagnosed HTN or DM, despite free maintenance medications, suggests important non-price barriers related to transport, stockouts, awareness and adherence.

Indexed as

AdherenceBlood pressureCardiometabolicCardiovascularMedicationUser charges

Identifiers

PMID41847291
PMCPMC12989984

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.