SynthesisFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Association between endothelin-1 and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been identified as a key regulator of various ocular functions, including vascular perfusion, aqueous humor dynamics, and retinal ganglion cell survival. Substantial evidence further underscores the critical involvement of ET-1 in the pathogenesis and progression of DR. Elevated ET-1 levels have been reported in patients with DR; however, findings across studies are inconsistent. Aim: This meta-analysis aimed to statistically evaluate the level of ET-1 in patients with DR. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, OVID, Elsevier Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library). The search strategy targeted the terms "Endothelin-1" or "ET-1" in conjunction with "Diabetic retinopathy" or "DR" in title and abstract fields. Results are presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Ten articles (346 cases and 425 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the circulating ET-1 in patients with DR was significantly higher than that of the controls (SMD: 1.73, 95% CI: 0.90, 2.56). Furthermore, circulating ET-1 in patients with DR was also significantly higher than those in healthy individuals or diabetic patients without retinopathy, respectively. Conclusions: This meta-analysis is the first to systematically assess ET-1 levels in patients with DR. The findings of this study indicate the potential application of ET-1 as a biomarker for monitoring DR progression. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251156225.
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