Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41848567›Full record

ArticleFEMS microbiology letters2026

A comparative study on the effects of emulsification methods on the antimicrobial activity of essential oil emulsions.

Paul G Kamau, Paola Alzate, Malco Cruz-Romero, Michael A Morris, Joe P Kerry

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in FEMS microbiology letters, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Paul G KamauFood Packaging and Materials Science Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland.ORCID 0009-0007-7590-6666
Paola AlzateFood Packaging and Materials Science Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland.
Malco Cruz-RomeroFood Packaging and Materials Science Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland.
Michael A MorrisAMBER and the School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Joe P KerryFood Packaging and Materials Science Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland.

Funding

Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, IrelandFood Institutional Research Measure 2021R412
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A 3 × 3 factorial design was used to systematically evaluate the impact of three widely used emulsification methods [ultrasonication (UT), high-shear homogenization (HSH), or vortex mixing (VM)] at three treatment times (30, 60, or 120 s) on the antimicrobial efficacy of sage (SEO) and garlic (GEO) essential oil emulsions. Independent of essential oil used, antimicrobial activity was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by both emulsification method and treatment time, with Gram-negative bacteria showing greater resistance. From the tested methods, emulsions prepared by UT or HSH for at least 60 s exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher antimicrobial activity, which might be associated with their significantly (P < 0.05) smaller particle size and polydispersity index. Additionally, UT and HSH produced more stable SEO emulsions, while GEO required ≥60 s treatment for stability and VM led to rapid destabilization regardless of oil or time. This study highlights the importance of selecting an appropriate emulsification method for producing essential oil emulsions with enhanced antimicrobial activity, which is important not only for antimicrobial testing but also for the overall functional performance of the emulsion.

Indexed as

Anti-Infective AgentsOils, VolatileEmulsionsGarlicGram-Negative BacteriaMicrobial Sensitivity TestsParticle SizeAnti-Infective AgentsEmulsionsOils, VolatileAntimicrobial activityEssential oil emulsionsHigh-shear homogenizationUltrasonication

Identifiers

PMID41848567
PMCPMC13017692

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.