Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41850653›Full record

ArticleJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2026

Relative Effects of Time-Restricted Eating, Energy-Restricted Eating, and Unrestricted Eating on Eating Patterns and Dietary Intake: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Lisa J Harnack, Niki Oldenburg, Qi Wang, Erika Helgeson, Abdisa Taddese, Nicole LaPage, Alison Alvear, Alison Wong, Michelle Hanson, Julie D Anderson and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Lisa J HarnackDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South 2(nd) Street Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454. Electronic address: harna001@umn.edu.
Niki OldenburgDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Qi WangDivision of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 2221 University Ave SE, Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN 55414.
Erika HelgesonDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Abdisa TaddeseDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Nicole LaPageDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Alison AlvearDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Alison WongDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Michelle HansonDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Julie D AndersonDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Brad P YentzerDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Douglas G MashekDepartment of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Emily N C ManoogianRegulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037.
Satchidananda PandaRegulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037.
Lisa S ChowDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 101, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.

Funding

University of Minnesota Clinical and Translational Science Institute (UMN CTSI)UM1TR004405 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Bruce R Blazar, Damien A Fair · 2023 to 2026
$30.8M
TRD4 - Ultrahigh Field Engineering and SafetyP41EB027061 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Gregory John Metzger, KAMIL UGURBIL · 2019 to 2026
$11.7M
Prolonged Daily Fasting As a Viable Alternative to Caloric Restriction in At-Risk Obese HumansR01DK124484 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI CHOW, LISA SENYE · 2020 to 2023
$2.7M
High Performance Connectome Upgrade for Human 3T MR ScannerS10OD017974 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI LIM, KELVIN O. · 2014 to 2014
$600k
NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004405NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB027061NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK124484NIH HHS S10 OD017974
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTime-restricted eating (TRE) may be as effective as an energy-restricted (ER) diet for weight loss. However, little is known about the effects of TRE on eating patterns and dietary intake.

objectiveThe aims of this study were to examine the relative effects of TRE, ER, and unrestricted eating (UE) diets on eating patterns and dietary intake.

designThis study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial carried out between October 2020 and October 2023. Over this period, 88 participants were randomized to a TRE, ER, or UE diet group. PARTICIPANTS/

settingAdults with obesity in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area who completed study baseline and follow-up measures of dietary intake (n = 73).

interventionThe interventions were (1) TRE with an 8-hour self-chosen window with ad libitum diet; (2) ER diet with 15% reduction of energy intake; or (3) UE in which self-monitoring of food intake was encouraged with no specific change to eating recommended. The intervention period was 12 weeks.

main outcome measuresOutcomes included meals eaten and intake of vegetables, fruit, dairy, protein foods, grains, energy, added sugars, saturated fat, sodium, dietary fiber, and potassium. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Multivariate linear regression analyses were carried out to compare the change in food and nutrient intake between experimental groups. Logistic mixed-effects models were constructed to examine the change in meals eaten.

resultsThe TRE group ate fewer daily meals at end-intervention (-1.1 meals/day; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.6, -0.7) compared with baseline, whereas the ER and UE groups did not experience a change in eating occasions. Those in the TRE group were less likely to report eating breakfast during end-intervention compared with baseline (odds ratio [OR], 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05, 0.33), whereas no statistically significant change in behavior was identified for the ER (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.41, 2.55) or UE (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.28, 1.68) groups. Between baseline and end-intervention those in the TRE group had a decrease in intake of energy (-469 kcal/day; 95% CI, -681, -257), saturated fat (-8.5 g/day; 95% CI, -12.9, -4.1), potassium (-496 mg/day; 95% CI, -729, -263), and total (-1.7 ounce equivalents/day; 95% CI, -2.9, -0.6) and refined grains (-1.6 ounce equivalents; 95% CI, -2.6, -0.6). These changes were more marked compared with changes in the UE group. There were no statistically significant differences found between those in the TRE and ER groups.

conclusionsFindings suggest that TRE with an 8-hour window and ad libitum intake may have similar effects on food and nutrient intake as an energy-restricted diet.

Indexed as

Calorie-restricted dietDiet qualityEating patternrandomized trialTime-restricted eating

Identifiers

PMID41850653
PMCPMC13055503

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.