ArticleBMJ paediatrics open2026
Growth standards from birth to age 5: a population-specific retrospective longitudinal "WeChildren-Ningbo" study of 500 000 children and comparative analysis with WHO/national references.
Article in BMJ paediatrics open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundTo establish sex-specific growth references for children aged 0-60 months in Ningbo, China and to compare with the WHO and the Chinese national standards.
methodsA retrospective longitudinal "WeChildren-Ningbo" cohort study was performed for all registered births between January 2013 and December 2019. Anthropometric measurements (length/height and weight) were obtained at 10 follow-up time points: at birth, 3 m, 6 m, 12 m, 18 m, 24 m, 30 m, 36 m, 48 m and 60 months. Sex-specific growth curves were presented by both percentiles (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentiles) and modified Z-score with median and SD based on empirical data. The generalised additive models for location, scale and shape modelling were applied to construct the percentile curves.
resultsSex-specific growth curves were presented by both percentiles (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentiles) and modified Z-score with median and SD. A total of 477 411 subjects were enrolled and 20 standardised sex-specific growth curves were constructed for weight-for-age, height-for-age and body mass index-for-age. Boys exhibited averagely higher height and weight at each follow-up than girls, and the largest sex differences were observed at 3 months. Ningbo children's growth curves aligned well with the Chinese national standard, but were higher than the WHO standard, especially in children younger than 36 months.
conclusionThis study established population-based, sex-specific growth references for children aged 0-60 months in Ningbo, China. These regional references may complement existing national standards for local clinical assessment and contribute data for future multi-regional studies.
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