Evidence mapPaperPMID 41852506Full record

ReviewRSC advances2026

Encapsulation of carbon dots in medicinal chemistry: a comprehensive review of recent advances and applications.

Sewara J Mohammed, Kosar M Ali, Fryad S Mustafa, Hastyar H Najmuldeen, Fayez Alghofaili, Mohammed K Sidiq, Kawan F Kayani

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sewara J MohammedDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani Qlyasan Street Sulaymaniyah 46001 Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq sewara.mohammed@univsul.edu.iq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3257-6242
Kosar M AliCollege of Medicine, University of Sulaimani Qlyasan Street Sulaymaniyah 46001 Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq.
Fryad S MustafaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani Qlyasan Street Sulaymaniyah 46001 Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq sewara.mohammed@univsul.edu.iq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-781X
Hastyar H NajmuldeenDepartment of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya Sulaymaniyah Kurdistan Iraq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-6845
Fayez AlghofailiDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University Majmaah 11952 Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed K SidiqDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani Sulaymaniyah Kurdistan Regional Government 46001 Iraq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9181-3523
Kawan F KayaniDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani Qlyasan Street Sulaymaniyah 46001 Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq sewara.mohammed@univsul.edu.iq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-2147

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as highly promising nanomaterials in medicinal chemistry due to their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and facile surface functionalization. However, their clinical translation is often hindered by limitations such as colloidal instability, nonspecific biodistribution, and limited therapeutic efficacy. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of encapsulation strategies in overcoming these challenges and enhancing CD functionality for advanced nanomedicine. We provide a comprehensive analysis of various encapsulation techniques, including polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic, and hybrid systems, detailing their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Advances in CD synthesis, functionalization, and physicochemical and biophysical characterization are discussed, along with their expanding applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, theranostics, biosensing, and related biomedical fields. Finally, we examine key translational barriers and propose future opportunities in intelligent nanocarrier engineering, clinical development, and regulatory advancement. This review offers a critical and in-depth perspective on encapsulated CDs as innovative, multifunctional platforms poised to advance modern medicinal chemistry.

Identifiers

PMID41852506
PMCPMC12994572

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.