Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41853701›Full record

ArticleBioactive materials2026

Small extracellular vesicle-integrated by herbal hydrogels for spatiotemporal immunomodulation and neurovascular repair following traumatic brain injury.

Yao Wu, Yuanyuan Sun, Jingjing Chen, Mingrui Hu, Xindi Zhang, Xinyu Xiong, Zhe Yu, Xiya Yang, Hui Li, Yang Wang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Bioactive materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Yao WuInstitute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
Yuanyuan SunDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
Jingjing ChenDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
Mingrui HuInstitute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
Xindi ZhangInstitute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
Xinyu XiongInstitute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
Zhe YuInstitute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
Xiya YangInstitute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
Hui LiDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
Yang WangInstitute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute neuronal and vascular damage accompanied by intense neuroinflammation, yet current surgical and pharmacological interventions yield limited long-term benefits. Embryonic stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (ESC-sEV) carry potent pro-repair signals but suffer from poor brain targeting and rapid clearance in the acute inflammatory window. To address these critical limitations, we engineered an injectable ESC-sEV-glycyrrhizic acid (GA) co-assembled hydrogel (EG-gel) in which sEVs act as a functional gel factor interpenetrating GA nanoscaffolds. GA molecules were self-assembled into nanoscaffolds via hydrogen bonding, with polar head groups coordinating to sEV membranes while hydrophobic cores insert into lipid bilayers, yielding a robust, hierarchical matrix. EG-gel exhibited brain-compatible mechanical properties, rapid self-healing, shear-thinning injectability, and strong tissue adhesion, which collectively enhance local sEV accumulation at the lesion site. In a mouse TBI model, the EG-gel showed superior neuroprotective effects and functional recovery outcomes compared with the GA-gel. Transcriptomics combined with experimental validation confirmed a spatiotemporal synergistic mechanism: GA mediated early inflammatory suppression and immune microenvironment stabilization, while co-assembled sEVs drove angiogenesis and neuronal repair. Therefore, the EG-gel played a synergistic role in establishing a sequential "first anti-inflammatory, then vaso-neural regeneration" microenvironment, thereby promoting neuroprotection after TBI. This work highlights the EG-gel as an up-and-coming candidate for translational therapy in TBI.

Indexed as

Glycyrrhizic acidNeuroregenerationSelf-assembled hydrogelSmall extracellular vesiclesTraumatic brain injury

Identifiers

PMID41853701
PMCPMC12992974

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.