Evidence mapPaperPMID 41856595Full record

ArticleBMJ open2026

Association of eating disorders and/or insulin omission with impaired glycaemic control in persons living with type 1 diabetes: cross-sectional analysis of the French SFDT1 study.

Patrick-Jean Ritz, Gloria A Aguayo, Emmanuel Cosson, Dulce Canha, E Renard, Rhonda M Merwin, Chloe Amouyal, Gwenaelle Arnault, Kalliopi Bilariki, Sophie Borot and 15 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04657783 (French National Cohort of People With Type 1 Diabètes), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04657783 recruitingnot on this map

French National Cohort of People With Type 1 Diabètes: the SFDT1 Study

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorFondation Francophone pour la Recherche sur le DiabeteRan2020 to 2035Enrolled15,000ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypoglycemia, Patient Participation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Patrick-Jean RitzDepartment of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France patrick.ritz@wanadoo.fr.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8105-4008
Gloria A AguayoDeep Digital Phenotyping Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5625-1664
Emmanuel CossonUniversity Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.
Dulce CanhaDeep Digital Phenotyping Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-4763-1026
E RenardUniversity Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Rhonda M MerwinDuke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Chloe AmouyalNutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS, Paris, France.
Gwenaelle ArnaultDépartement d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique, Vannes, France.
Kalliopi BilarikiHospital Centre Compiegne-Noyon Noyon Site, Noyon, France.
Sophie BorotFranche-Comte Hospital, Besançon, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6240-8253
Nicolas ChevalierUniversity Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, France.
Amal LemoineCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, Lyon, France.
Sylvia FrancSouth Francilien Hospital Centre Gilles de Corbeil Site, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
Bénédicte FrémyCentre Hospitalier Agen-Nérac, Agen, France.
Didier GouetDépartement d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Saint Louis, La Rochelle, France.
Jean-Baptiste JullaHopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France.
Lucien MarchandDiabetology, University Hospital Centre Lyon, Lyon, France.
Sara PintoJean-Verdier University Hospital, Bondy, France.
Vincent RigalleauUniversity Hospital Centre Bordeaux, Talence, France.
Emmanuel SonnetBrest University, Brest, France.
Sopio TatulashviliAP-HP, Paris, France.
Igor TauveronHôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Jean-Pierre RivelineDepartment of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-0741
Hélène HanaireDiabetology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
Guy FagherazziLuxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-5966

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo address whether eating disorders (ED) or insulin omission (IOM) in adult persons living with type 1 diabetes (pwT1D) are associated with impaired glycaemic control.

designCross-sectional analysis. SETTINGS: The French-Speaking Diabetes Society-Type 1 Diabetes Cohort (SFDT1) is an ongoing epidemiological cohort study that includes pwT1D in France who attend hospitals or private ambulatory diabetes centres.

participantsAdult participants from the SFDT1 study, with data on ED and IOM. The current analysis was performed on data collected during the baseline visit in participants enrolled between December 2020 and March 2024.

main outcome measuresUsing the SCOFF, a self-reported questionnaire to screen for ED, and a single question on IOM to screen for IOM, we described four categories of pwT1D: no ED & no IOM, ED & no IOM, no ED & IOM and ED & IOM. We performed unadjusted and adjusted (for age, sex, diabetes duration, social vulnerability, smoking, alcohol status and insulin treatment) multinomial logistic regression models with the four categories as the outcome and glycaemic variables as explanatory variables, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) variables and HbA1c. No ED & no IOM was the reference outcome for all comparisons. We stratified each model by sex and fear of hypoglycaemia.

resultsWe included 1113 participants, 51% males, median (IQR) age 38 (29-50) years, diabetes duration 21 (12-32) years. Prevalences were as follows: no ED & no IOM: 68% (n=758), ED & no IOM: 11% (n=124), no ED & IOM: 16% (n=177) and ED & IOM: 5% (n=54). With the fully adjusted model, and compared with the group no ED & no IOM, time in range (OR (95% CI) 0.5 (0.4 to 0.7)) and time below range (0.5 (0.3 to 0.8)) were inversely associated with ED & IOM. Moreover, time in range (0.4 (0.4 to 0.5)) was associated with IOM & no ED. Time above range (2.2 (1.6 to 2.9)), Glycaemic Risk Index (1.8 (1.3 to 2.5)), glucose monitoring indicator (2.2 (1.7 to 2.9)) and HbA1c (2.0 (1.5 to 2.5)) were directly associated with ED & IOM. We did not observe associations between CGM variables and ED & no IOM. Most associations were valid in both men and women. The associations were stronger in participants with a fear of hypoglycaemia. However, the associations remained even in people with a fear of hypoglycaemia.

conclusionsBoth ED and IOM are frequent in pwT1D, and IOM seems to be associated with impaired glycaemic control. As our analysis was cross-sectional, we cannot infer causality and cannot know whether IOM was a result of glycaemic control or the inverse (reverse causality). Our results suggest that IOM should be systematically screened in clinical practice. Further research is needed to better identify and care for EDs, with or without IOM, in T1D. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04657783.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Feeding and Eating DisordersGlycemic ControlHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinAdultBlood GlucoseContinuous Glucose MonitoringCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFranceGlycated HemoglobinHumansMaleMiddle AgedBlood GlucoseGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinDIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGYPrimary Health CarePSYCHIATRY

Identifiers

PMID41856595
PMCPMC13007141

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.