Evidence mapPaperPMID 41857327Full record

ArticleNeurology and therapy2026

Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with Immune Dysregulation: A Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study.

Ziyan Zhang, Li Zhang, Gang Zhu, Yan Liang, Ping Pang, Huimin Yan, Xinyu Cao, Jing Wang, Xiuyu Shi, Linyan Hu and 1 more

Abstract read
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Article in Neurology and therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Ziyan Zhang *Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Li Zhang *Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Gang Zhu *Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Yan LiangSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Ping PangSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Huimin YanSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Xinyu CaoSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Jing WangSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Xiuyu ShiSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Linyan HuSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
Guang YangSenior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China. yangg301@126.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-2146

Funding

Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research 2024-2-5082he key project of innovation cultivation fund of the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital QZX-2023-1Innovation Talent Fund of Senior Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital QZX-04-EKLHJH-3the general project of National Key Research and Development Program of China 2022YFC2705300the general project of National Key Research and Development Program of China 2023YFC2706405
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Accumulating evidence indicates that immune inflammation and oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of ASD. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), a well-established immunomodulatory agent, has demonstrated potential in ameliorating neuroinflammatory and behavioral symptoms in neuroimmune disorders. This prospective, open-label, single-arm study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of IVIG in children with ASD who have peripheral blood immune dysregulation.

methodsA total of 41 children with ASD (aged 3-8 years) were enrolled. Participants received IVIG at a dose of 1 g/kg per infusion 1 month apart, resulting in a cumulative dose of 2 g/kg. The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) was used to assess symptom changes at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months, and adverse events were recorded.

resultsThe SRS-2 total score and the scores of the Social Cognition, Social Communication and Social Motivation domains were significantly reduced at 2 months after IVIG intervention (P < 0.05). In terms of safety, two participants presented with a transient low-grade fever, two participants experienced vomiting, and one participant exhibited abdominal distension and poor appetite. All adverse events (AEs) were classified as Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 1 and resolved spontaneously without medical intervention.

conclusionThis exploratory single-arm open-label study demonstrated that IVIG is well tolerated and may be associated with improvements in social behavior among children with ASD with immune dysregulation. However, since the primary outcome measure (SRS-2) was caregiver-reported, response bias should be taken into consideration. As an exploratory and hypothesis-generating study, no definitive conclusions regarding therapeutic efficacy or causal relationships can be drawn from these findings. Therefore, its therapeutic efficacy remains inconclusive, and the results should be interpreted with caution. Further multicenter, double-blind controlled trials are warranted to confirm the efficacy of IVIG and explore the underlying mechanisms involved.

trial registrationchictr.org.cn (registration number ChiCTR2500111846).

Indexed as

Autism spectrum disorderImmune dysregulationIntravenous immunoglobulinNatural killer cells

Identifiers

PMID41857327
PMCPMC13172214

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.