ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Divergent macrophage responses to Influenza A virus and
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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18 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory coinfections involving Influenza viruses, including Influenza A viruses (IAV) and bacteria, significantly worsen disease severity and remain a major public health concern, particularly during seasonal and pandemic flu outbreaks. Among bacterial pathogens, Methods: We developed an Results: RNA-Seq and OLINK proteomic analyses revealed that simultaneous coinfection elicits a synergistic inflammatory response similar to that caused by Spn alone, with strong activation of NF-κB-dependent genes. In sequential superinfection, responses were shaped by viral priming, with bacterial challenge further amplifying genes linked to inflammation and fibrin clot formation, potentially contributing to disease severity. These effects were consistent across different IAV subtypes when tested in combination with porcine
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