ArticleToxicology reports2026
Toxicological effects of volatile organic compounds are mediated by aggravated oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory processes in piglets.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Anthropogenic and natural sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been associated with hematological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. VOCs can also track directly from the nose to the olfactory bulb (OB). This study investigated whether inhaled VOC-induced toxicity increases free radical generation and oxidative stress biomarker levels along the olfactory neural pathway from the nasal mucosa to brain regions implicated in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, twenty male six-week-old Landrace piglets were randomly divided into three groups and daily exposed to VOCs for eight weeks: Group A (unexposed piglets; n = 6), Group B (2 h exposure; n = 7), and Group C (3 h exposure; n = 7). The VOC mixture consisted of 5% formaldehyde, 5% benzene, 10% toluene, 10% xylene, and 70% water, and released at a steady-state Total VOC (TVOC) level of 1.0 mg/m3 range (0.6 - 1.8 mg/m3) in the test room. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed in the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb, pyriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Exposure of piglets to VOCs significantly elevated malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H
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