ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Epidemiological relevant effect biomarkers for thyroid hormone system related adverse outcome pathways: a literature review.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Many factors, such as lifestyle, medication, and environmental exposures, are reported to cause thyroid hormone system disruption (THSD) in humans, however studies linking THSD to health effects are sparse. Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) provide mechanistic links from molecular events to adverse outcomes, with effect biomarkers serving as a tool to empirically anchor key events and health effects and to assess biological relevance. Aim: This review aims to identify and evaluate effect biomarkers for thyroid hormone system-related AOPs for further validation in experimental and epidemiological studies. Methods: Using AOP-wiki, we extracted and analysed thyroid-related AOPs, focusing on the eleven AOPs with mammalian evidence. We did systematic literature search to identify potential effect biomarkers for future epidemiological studies. Results: In an AOP network analysis of the eleven thyroid-related AOPs, we identified four AOP clusters, including hippocampal alterations, impaired learning and memory, thyroid follicular cell adenomas/carcinomas, and kidney toxicity. For the clusters on hippocampal alterations and impaired learning and memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor emerged as a promising effect biomarker. For the cluster on thyroid follicular cell adenomas/carcinomas, no promising effect biomarkers with high specificity were identified, but interleukin-34, oxidative stress, and expression of several genes were found to be related to the adverse outcome. For kidney toxicity, a panel of effect biomarkers were identified, such as clusterin, cystatin-C, kidney injury molecule-1, N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and osteopontin. Conclusion: This review operationalizes the AOP framework to support the use of mechanistically anchored effect biomarkers in human studies on THSD. By aligning key biological events with measurable endpoints, human matrices, and feasibility considerations, it provides a scientifically grounded path from mechanistic understanding to population research application. This enables more targeted biomonitoring, strengthens interpretation of epidemiological findings, and informs research and regulatory priorities for future validation efforts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.