Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41865113›Full record

ReviewNPJ digital medicine2026

The regulation of artificial intelligence in intensive care units: from narrow tools to generalist systems.

Oscar Freyer, Rebecca Mathias, Hannah Sophie Muti, Henry Orlovsky, Stephan Buch, Max Ostermann, Anett Schönfelder, Akira-Sebastian Poncette, Adel Bassily-Marcus, Stephen Gilbert

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in NPJ digital medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Oscar FreyerElse Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. oscar.freyer@tu-dresden.de.
Rebecca MathiasElse Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Hannah Sophie MutiElse Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Henry OrlovskyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Stephan BuchElse Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Max OstermannElse Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Anett SchönfelderElse Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
Akira-Sebastian PoncetteInstitute of Medical Informatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Adel Bassily-MarcusYale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA.
Stephen GilbertElse Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.

Funding

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung 03ZU1210BAEuropean Commission 101094218
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly explored for use in intensive care units. While most approved AI devices use narrow models, research is shifting towards generalist systems based on large language models and agentic AI. In this perspective, we propose a five-paradigm framework that shows how regulatory complexity rises with AI functionality and scale. As current regulatory frameworks are device-centric, new approaches like agentic oversight are needed for orchestrating AI systems.

Identifiers

PMID41865113
PMCPMC13022208

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.