Evidence mapPaperPMID 41865214Full record

ArticleDrugs & aging2026

Investigating Potential Prescribing Cascades Resulting in Prochlorperazine Prescription: An Exploratory Analysis of Antihypertensives and NSAIDs.

Steven Gilmore, Emma Wallace, Ann Sinéad Doherty

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Article in Drugs & aging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Steven GilmoreDepartment of General Practice, School of Medicine, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. sgilmore@ucc.ie.ORCID 0009-0006-5823-9614
Emma WallaceDepartment of General Practice, School of Medicine, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-9315-2956
Ann Sinéad DohertyDepartment of General Practice, School of Medicine, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0003-4149-1574

Funding

Health Research Board HRB/ECSA/2020/002
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionA prescribing cascade occurs when medication is used to treat or prevent an adverse drug reaction (ADR) to another medication. These prescriptions may contribute to problematic polypharmacy in people who are older. Research investigating potential prescribing cascades resulting in prochlorperazine prescription to treat non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or antihypertensive-induced dizziness or nausea is limited.

aimThe aim of this study is to explore potential prescribing cascades resulting in prochlorperazine prescription after antihypertensive or NSAID initiation in community-dwelling Irish adults who are older.

methodsPrescription sequence symmetry analysis was conducted on a pharmacy claims database of dispensed medications in Ireland (2017-2020) (n = 514,056). Participants (aged ≥ 65 years) were included if they met General Medical Services Scheme eligibility and were incident users of either exposure medication-(i) antihypertensives (alpha adrenoreceptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) or (ii) NSAIDs-and the potential cascade medication, prochlorperazine. The primary observation window was 365 days. Crude and adjusted sequence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Stratified analyses of observation window time, sex and individual medications were conducted.

resultsSignificant positive associations were identified for antihypertensives and NSAIDs leading to subsequent prochlorperazine prescription. Adjusted sequence ratios (aSR) ranged from 1.27 (95% CI 1.16-1.40) for all diuretics to 1.81 (95% CI 1.49-2.19) for urological alpha adrenoreceptor blockers. The prevalence of each medication dyad ranged from 1.04% for urological alpha adrenoreceptor blockers to 1.38% for cardiac alpha adrenoreceptor blockers. The magnitude of positive associations was slightly attenuated for all dyads when the observation window was reduced to 180 and 60 days, although almost all of these remained significant. Results varied by sex and individual medication. The beta-blocker-to-prochlorperazine dyad had an aSR of 1.94 (95% CI 1.60-2.36) for male patients and 1.45 (95% CI 1.27-1.66) for female patients.

conclusionsNSAID and antihypertensive-induced ADRs such as dizziness or nausea may contribute to subsequent prochlorperazine initiation among adults who are older, representing a potential prescribing cascade. Further research examining data that include clinical indications for prescribing is needed to confirm whether these signals represent true prescribing cascades or prescribing for another reason. ADRs should be included in the differential diagnosis for people who are older presenting with new symptoms in primary care.

Indexed as

Antihypertensive AgentsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalDrug PrescriptionsProchlorperazineAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansIrelandMaleAntihypertensive AgentsAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalProchlorperazine

Identifiers

PMID41865214
PMCPMC13038655

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.