Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41866337›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026

Population and single-cell analyses reveal immune cell-specific expression profiles associated with Alzheimer's disease risk.

Joni V Lindbohm, Martin Stražar, Hang-Mao Lee, Orr Ashenberg, Nina Mars, Pyry N Sipilä, Samuli Ripatti, Dan Graham, Mika Kivimäki, Ramnik J Xavier

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Joni V LindbohmClinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-9820-2692
Martin StražarBroad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Hang-Mao LeeClinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Orr AshenbergBroad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Nina MarsBroad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Pyry N SipiläClinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Samuli RipattiClinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Dan GrahamBroad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Mika KivimäkiClinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Ramnik J XavierBroad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Funding

Education, socioeconomic status and Aging: transitions from multimorbidity to functional limitations and mortalityR01AG056477 · NIA · UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON · PI KIVIMAKI, MIKA J, SINGH-MANOUX, ARCHANA · 2018 to 2022
$2.8M
Medical Research Council MR/R024227/1Medical Research Council MR/Y014154/1NIA NIH HHS R01AG056477Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg foundationResearch Council of Finland 331671Research Council of Finland 339568Research Council of Finland 350426Research Council of Finland 355567Wellcome Trust 221854/Z/20/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionDysregulation of the peripheral immune system may increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but the underlying cell type-specific mechanisms remain unclear.

methodsWe conducted Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses of 4489 genes using single-cell expression quantitative trait locus data from unstimulated and stimulated peripheral immune cells, integrated with an AD genome-wide association study (N = 455,258). Spatial transcriptomics of brain tissue samples was used to identify brain-infiltrating immune cells.

resultsThirteen genes were associated with AD risk. Expression of BIN1, CTSW, CTSH, HLA-DRB1, TSTD1, PLEKHA1, and SCIMP increased AD risk, while EPHA1-AS1, FCER1G, FIBP, KAT8, STX4, and HLA-DQA1 reduced it. These associations were peripheral immune cell type and state specific. PLEKHA1 and TSTD1 were upregulated and FIBP downregulated in natural killer and T cells in AD brain tissue. DISCUSSION: These findings link immune cell-specific gene expression to AD risk across activation states and within brain-infiltrating immune cells, highlighting potential targets for immune-based AD prevention and treatment.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseBrainGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMendelian Randomization AnalysisQuantitative Trait LociSingle-Cell AnalysisTranscriptomeAlzheimer's diseasebrain infiltratingcolocalizationimmune systemMendelian randomizationperipheral blood immune cellssingle cellspatial transcriptomics

Identifiers

PMID41866337
PMCPMC13093567

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.