ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Liposome-Based Drug Delivery for Diabetes: Therapeutic Applications and a Nanomedicine Perspective on Diabetic Complications.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects approximately 537 million adults worldwide and remains inadequately controlled in a substantial proportion of patients despite the availability of various pharmacological therapies. Conventional antidiabetic treatments are often limited by poor bioavailability, rapid degradation of peptide-based drugs, insufficient tissue targeting, and systemic adverse effects. Liposomes, phospholipid bilayer-based nanocarriers, provide a versatile structural platform capable of simultaneously encapsulating hydrophilic and lipophilic agents, thereby addressing key pharmacokinetic limitations of conventional therapies. Their advantages include enhanced drug stability, improved bioavailability, and controlled release properties, resulting in more favorable pharmacokinetic performance. Surface modifications, such as PEGylation and ligand functionalization, further extend circulation time and enable targeted delivery, enhancing therapeutic efficacy in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with conventional formulations. The evidence synthesized in this review indicates that liposomal systems consistently demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic profiles, enhanced tissue-specific accumulation, and reduced systemic toxicity in preclinical models of diabetes, although high-quality clinical validation remains limited. This review summarizes recent advances in liposome design, fabrication strategies, and therapeutic mechanisms in diabetes and its complications, providing a critical evaluation of their therapeutic benefits and translational barriers. Despite their clear potential, major challenges persist, including gastrointestinal instability, enzymatic degradation of encapsulated peptides, large-scale manufacturing complexity, and regulatory standardization. Addressing these limitations through formulation optimization, advanced targeting strategies, and rigorous clinical validation will be essential for successful clinical translation. Overall, liposomes represent a strategic and evolving nanomedicine platform for precision diabetes therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.