ArticleFrontiers in health services2026
Hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation studies: why and how to do them.
Article in Frontiers in health services, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Patient-Oriented Digital Health Intervention for Chronic Kidney Disease: From Evidence to Everyday Care.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Evaluating a tailored communication tool to increase advance care planning among Alaska Native and American Indian people in primary care: A type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation cluster randomized trial protocol.Contemporary clinical trials · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 1 studies primarily investigate the effectiveness of an intervention and have a secondary focus on exploring implementation-related factors. Integrating implementation aims into intervention effectiveness studies can improve the speed, quantity, and quality of intervention implementation, sustainment, and scale in routine practice, and thereby maximize the impact on population health. This article provides guidance for designing and conducting the implementation aims of effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 1 studies, summarizing past thinking and advancing new considerations for these approaches. The authors argue that hybrid type 1 approaches are suitable for most types of intervention effectiveness research (e.g., efficacy trials, comparative-effectiveness research, observational studies), for different kinds of interventions (e.g., treatment, screening, prevention), and in a broad range of settings (e.g., healthcare, public health, community, schools). The article offers methodological guidance for designing the implementation aims of hybrid type 1 studies, structured around three goals: (1) explain intervention implementation in the effectiveness trial, (2) explore stakeholder perceptions to inform future implementation research, and (3) examine stakeholder perceptions to inform the effectiveness trial. Each of these goals offers a distinct set of research questions and design considerations (e.g., timing, sampling, data collection). Finally, the authors provide some tools and resources for planning and designing hybrid type 1 studies.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.