ArticleInflammopharmacology2026
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of ectoine-leflunomide combination in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, and its colonic protective action against leflunomide-induced gastrointestinal injury.
Article in Inflammopharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with an intriguing pathophysiological mechanism that primarily affects the joints and leads to extra-articular manifestations. Leflunomide is one of the most effective disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), utilized in RA treatment, but its use comes with frequent gastrointestinal adverse effects, which might necessitate therapy discontinuation. The current work aimed to explore the antirheumatic and gastroprotective effects of ectoine, a compatible solute found in nature, on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats, and to compare its efficacy with that of leflunomide. In this study, animals were divided into five groups: Normal control rats, Untreated adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats, Leflunomide group treated with 10 mg/kg/day, Ectoine group treated with 100 mg/kg/ day, and AA rats treated orally with the combination of ectoine and leflunomide daily with the same dosses. Ectoine administration significantly abolished both articular and extraarticular inflammatory responses in AA rats. Serum levels of nitric oxide (NOx), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) were significantly reduced, with a significant increase in IL-10. It dramatically suppressed tibiotarsal tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B-p65 (NF-κB-p65), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Colonic examination also showed lower expression levels of TNF-α, NF-κB-p65, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and MMP-9, in addition to a significant antioxidant effect by enhancing reduced glutathione synthesis (GSH) and reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Our results demonstrate that ectoine has a strong potential for being an efficient anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic agent.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.