ArticleClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2026
Comparison of plasma cytokine expression in adult haematological malignancy patients with bacterial and/or fungal infections.
Article in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundBacterial and fungal infections pose significant challenges in the management of patients with haematological malignancies (HM), substantially affecting the impact on clinical outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization and reduced life expectancy. Increased susceptibility to bacterial and/or fungal pathogens can occur due to immunosuppression, either inherent to the haematological disorder or induced by specific therapeutic strategies.
methodsIn this study, we quantified the plasma levels of four cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-5, interleukin-17, and transforming growth factor-β) in a cohort of 75 adult HM patients who developed bacterial and/or fungal infections, using a newly modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay platform.
resultsWe observed significant changes in the plasma cytokine levels at the infection onset. The median concentration levels of T helper 1 (IFN-γ), T helper 2 (IL-5), and T helper 17 (IL-17) cytokines were significantly higher as compared to those during pre-infection and post-infection (P < 0.05). In contrast, the level of regulatory T cells (TGF-β) exhibited a significant decrease at the time of infection compared to the pre-infection time point (P < 0.05). Further analysis revealed an imbalance in cytokine ratios, including Th1/Th2, Th1/Th17, Th1/Treg, Th2/Th17, and Th2/Treg, at the onset of infection, with increased Th1 and Th2-associated cytokines dominating these ratios.
conclusionOur results highlighted significant changes in the expression levels of several cytokines at the infection onset of HM patients, reflecting a strong correlation between the inflammatory state and cytokine expression, characterised by a predominance of Th1 and Th2-associated cytokines.
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