Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41870853›Full record

ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2026

Photochemical synergy in hybrid sunscreen gels: enhanced UV protection and photostability with algal antioxidants, quercetin, azobenzene, and chitosan-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles.

Mohammad Abu Shuheil, Munthar Kadhim Abosaoda, M M Rekha, Subhashree Ray, Kattela Chennakesavulu, Renu Sharma, Shaima Messa

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Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mohammad Abu ShuheilDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan.
Munthar Kadhim AbosaodaCollege of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
M M RekhaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Subhashree RayDepartment of Biochemistry, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
Kattela ChennakesavuluDepartment of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India.
Renu SharmaDepartment of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
Shaima MessaDepartment of Chemistry, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. messashaimaa@gmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study presents a photochemically optimized hybrid sunscreen gel integrating natural algal extracts (Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris), quercetin, azobenzene, and chitosan-coated titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles to achieve superior UV protection and photostability. Utilizing a 2⁴ factorial design, we systematically explored the synergistic interactions among these components under UV irradiation. The optimized formulation exhibited a sun protection factor (SPF) of 17.2 ± 0.3, retaining over 94% photoprotective capacity after UVA/UVB exposure, with minimal color change (ΔE < 3). Algal extracts provided antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties, while quercetin and azobenzene enhanced UV attenuation through π-π stacking and photochromic isomerization. Chitosan-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles improved UV scattering and formulation stability, mitigating photocatalytic degradation. Spectroscopic and rheological analyses confirmed robust molecular interactions and structural integrity over 30 days. These findings demonstrate a photochemically driven, eco-friendly sunscreen system with enhanced efficacy and stability, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional formulations and advancing the design of next-generation photoprotective materials.

Indexed as

AntioxidantsAzo CompoundsChitosanNanoparticlesQuercetinSunscreening AgentsTitaniumUltraviolet RaysChlorella vulgarisGelsPhotochemical ProcessesAntioxidantsazobenzeneAzo CompoundsChitosanGelsQuercetinSunscreening AgentsTitaniumtitanium dioxideAlgal extractsAzobenzeneHybrid sunscreenPhotobiologyPhotochemistryPhotostabilityQuercetinSynergistic interactionsTiO₂ nanoparticlesUV protection

Identifiers

PMID41870853

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.