Evidence mapPaperPMID 41870866Full record

ArticleJournal of endocrinological investigation2026

Chronic cholecalciferol supplementation and adequate vitamin D status are associated with reduced risk of Long COVID.

Luigi di Filippo, Umberto Terenzi, Simona Bolamperti, Camilla Bechini, Simonetta Bossoni, Marco Campaniolo, Licia Gifuni, Mauro Doga, Andrea Giustina

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Luigi di FilippoInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Umberto TerenziInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Simona BolampertiInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Camilla BechiniInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Simonetta BossoniInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Marco CampanioloInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Licia GifuniInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Mauro DogaInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy.
Andrea GiustinaInstitute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, 20132, Italy. giustina.andrea@hsr.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-3398

Funding

ABIOGEN SPA ABIONC06
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionVitamin D deficiency has been associated with adverse acute and long-term COVID-19 outcomes. However, data on its supplementation on post-acute recovery are still limited. This retrospective observational study investigated the role of chronic cholecalciferol supplementation and 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations on Long COVID risk.

methodsWe included patients with COVID-19 between March 2020 and May 2021 previously followed at our Endocrine Department. Long COVID was defined according to NICE criteria. Patients chronically supplemented with cholecalciferol were compared with matched controls for age, sex, comorbidities, and COVID-19 severity.

resultsA total of 132 patients were evaluated; 50 (38%) received cholecalciferol supplementation and 30 (22.7%) developed Long COVID. Long COVID occurred less frequently among supplemented patients (14% vs. 28%, p = 0.086), particularly with daily-doses ≥ 750 IU (12.5% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.051) and ≥ 1000 IU (10.5% vs. 27.6%, p = 0.039). Baseline 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly lower in those with Long COVID (p = 0.02), and showed a significant predictive performance for Long COVID (AUROC 67.3%, p = 0.023). In the matched cohort (n = 86), Long COVID occurred less frequently among supplemented patients (11.6% vs. 32.6%, p = 0.036) and similar findings were confirmed in the matched subgroup receiving ≥ 1000 IU/day (8.5% vs. 34.2%, p = 0.018). Multivariate analyses showed a protective role of cholecalciferol supplementation on Long COVID in both entire and matched cohorts.

conclusionsChronic cholecalciferol supplementation, particularly at daily doses ≥ 750–1000 IU, was associated with a significantly lower risk of Long COVID. Ensuring adequate vitamin D status may represent a potential useful preventive strategy for post-COVID sequelae.

Indexed as

CholecalciferolCOVID-19Long COVIDSARS-CoV-2Vitamin D

Identifiers

PMID41870866

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.