ReviewDrug, healthcare and patient safety2026
Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension: A Systematic Review.
Review in Drug, healthcare and patient safety, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pharmacokinetic Variability of Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Calcium Channel Blockers: A Comparative Analysis of Exposure Data from Clinical Studies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Present and Future Options for Pharmacotherapy in Cardiovascular Disease: Hemodynamic and Mechanistic Therapeutic Targets.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are widely used as first-line therapy for hypertension, but concerns remain regarding their long-term safety and effectiveness. This review aims to systematically summarize the existing evidence on the long-term safety and effectiveness of CCBs in patients with hypertension. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed database to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies assessing the long-term use (≥1 year) of CCBs in adult hypertensive populations. Eligible studies compared CCBs with other antihypertensive agents or placebo and reported outcomes related to systemic safety and effectiveness. The quality of each study was assessed using the Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa Scales. Evidence was synthesized descriptively and stratified by organ system and clinical outcome. Results: In total, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing both RCTs and observational studies. Long-term CCB use was generally safe, with manageable risks. Renal protective effects were less consistent, while several studies reported a marginal increase in the incidence of new-onset diabetes. Associations with breast cancer remained inconclusive, and the risk of bone fractures appeared modestly reduced. Other systemic effects, including metabolic and reproductive changes, were generally mild. In terms of effectiveness, CCBs consistently reduced stroke incidence, although evidence regarding other cardiovascular outcomes, such as infarction, heart failure, and transient ischemic events, was inconsistent across studies. Conclusion: Overall, CCBs are safe for long-term use and show sustained effectiveness in stroke and angina, although evidence for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and transient ischemic attack remains inconsistent.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.