ArticleJournal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics2026
A hybrid PKPD agent-based model of the tumour immune interaction: effects of anti-cancer combination therapy.
Article in Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
We have developed a three dimensional hybrid multiscale agent-based ODE PDE model including tumour immune interaction, cell cycle phases, oxygen and drug diffusion dynamics, the pharmacodynamics of chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and the respective systemic exposure levels of pharmacological treatments (described by pharmacokinetic modelling). The aim of this model is to support understanding of the spatial-temporal dynamic interactions between cancer cells, the relevant immune cells, and targeted therapies’ molecular moieties, which interact simultaneously in the tumour microenvironment. This interaction is further investigated in the context of combination therapies, thus making some inroads in the mechanistic understanding of positive and negative synergies when multiple therapies are administered. This work addresses the role of temporal sequencing in combination therapies, which requires the simultaneous modelling of multiple system components.
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