SynthesisBMC cancer2026
Safety evaluation of PD-1/PD-L1 therapies for treatment of NSCLC: a systematic review, bayesian network meta-analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis.
Synthesis in BMC cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLung cancer remains the foremost cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. With the expanding use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in its treatment, a comprehensive understanding of their safety profiles and economic implications is essential to guide clinical decision-making.
objectiveThis study evaluates the safety and economics of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC. Our findings indicate that they are a cost-effective option with a favorable benefit-risk profile, offering practical guidance for immunotherapy decisions.
methodsWe have conducted a comprehensive literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to August 2025. Eligible studies were limited to English-language RCTs relevant to network meta-analysis (NMA). This systematic review and NMA was conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data extraction was carried out independently by two investigators. The data were then synthesized using a Bayesian random-effects model for NMA. The primary outcome was the incidence of immune-related adverse events, which was analyzed and compared across different PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor regimens.
resultsA total of 60 eligible articles were involved, covering 13 treatments and 23,992participants. The safety evaluation revealed significant differences in toxicity profiles among PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, highlighting treatment-specific adverse effect patterns. Based on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), the pharmacoeconomic analysis identified pembrolizumab as a dominant therapeutic strategy.
conclusionsAmong the evaluated regimens, nivolumab plus ipilimumab was associated with the broadest toxicity spectrum. Sintilimab demonstrated a more favorable safety profile than other PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and ranked highest in the safety assessment.Our pharmacoeconomic analysis identified pembrolizumab as the most cost-effective option across treatment lines for NSCLC. The protocol was registered in advance in PROSPERO online platform as CRD42023442502.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.