Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41877173›Full record

ReviewGenome biology2026

Unraveling the complexity of the histone code: implications for gene regulation and disease.

Kiera L Malone, Ajit K Singh, James M Lignos, Elizabeth D Cook, Margaret Phillips, Brian W Boyle, Isabelle A Kressy, Mirabella Vulikh, Annika K Lathrop, Kyle T McKay and 4 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Genome biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Kiera L MaloneDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Ajit K SinghDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
James M LignosDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Elizabeth D CookDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Margaret PhillipsDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Brian W BoyleDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Isabelle A KressyDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Mirabella VulikhDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Annika K LathropDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Kyle T McKayDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Hassan ZafarDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Janet L SteinDepartment of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Gary S SteinDepartment of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
Karen C GlassDepartment of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. Karen.glass@med.uvm.edu.

Funding

Targeting PRMT5 to combat cancer drug resistance associated with neuroendocrine differentiationP20GM113131 · UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE · 2025 to 2025
$2.3M
American Heart Association 24POST1194310Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont Biochemistry summer research awardMolecular and Cellular Biosciences Division of the National Science Foundation 2321501National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health P01CA240685National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health P01CA240685-04S1National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health R01DE029311National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health P20GM113131-07S1National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health R01GM129338-04S2NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM113131Vermont Space Grant Consortium NASA Pilot Grant
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Histone post-translational modifications epigenetically regulate gene expression by modulating nucleosome structure and DNA accessibility. This review outlines how unique patterns of modifications on canonical and variant histones generate a combinatorial histone code. Interplay between multiple modifications increases the complexity as distinct histone proteoforms and nucleoforms can drive context-dependent outcomes. The histone code is highly dynamic, and we examine how histone modifications fluctuate with environmental cues, metabolic state, and cell-cycle progression. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of histone modifications contributes to disease, and how emerging technologies to decipher the histone code are yielding new biological insights and opportunities for therapeutic development.

Indexed as

Gene Expression RegulationHistone CodeHistonesAnimalsChromatinChromatin Assembly and DisassemblyEpigenesis, GeneticHumansNucleosomesProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalChromatinHistonesNucleosomesAnd erasersChromatin architectureChromatin dynamicsChromatin remodelingCombinatorial histone modificationsEpigenetic dysregulationEpigenetic regulatory mechanismsEpigeneticsHistone-binding domainsHistone codeHistone crosstalkHistone post-translational modifications (PTMs)Histone tailsNucleosomesReadersTranscriptional regulation through chromatinWriters

Identifiers

PMID41877173
PMCPMC13134275

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.