Evidence mapPaperPMID 41877795Full record

ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026

Development and validation of a machine learning model for predicting high-risk distant metastatic recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer.

Fei Yang, Jie Zhang, Tengfei Liu, Zhijun Zhao

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Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

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4 authors.

Fei YangDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
Jie ZhangDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
Tengfei LiuDepartment of Head and Neck Thyroid Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China.
Zhijun ZhaoDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Distant metastatic recurrence significantly impacts the prognosis of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Current risk stratification systems have limited accuracy in predicting high-risk distant metastatic recurrence. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning model for predicting high-risk distant metastatic recurrence in DTC patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1,245 DTC patients treated between January 2020 and December 2024. Patients were randomly divided into training ( Results: During a median follow-up of 72 months, 126 patients (10.1%) developed distant metastatic recurrence. LASSO regression identified eight predictors: age, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, BRAF V600E mutation, postoperative stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) level, radioactive iodine dose, and TNM stage. The XGBoost model demonstrated the best performance, with an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.83-0.93) in the validation set. Patients were stratified into low-risk (recurrence rate: 1.7%), intermediate-risk (14.4%), and high-risk (64.1%) groups with significantly different distant metastasis-free survival ( Conclusion: We developed and validated an XGBoost-based machine learning model that accurately predicts high-risk distant metastatic recurrence in DTC patients. This model may help clinicians identify patients who could benefit from more aggressive treatment and intensive follow-up, enabling personalized management strategies.

Indexed as

differentiated thyroid cancerdistant metastatic recurrencemachine learningrisk stratificationstimulated thyroglobulinXGBoost

Identifiers

PMID41877795
PMCPMC13006264

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