SynthesisBrain and behavior2026
Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Brain and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no currently approved disease-modifying treatments. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), originally used in type 2 diabetes, have demonstrated neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical PD models. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of GLP-1RAs in patients with PD.
methodsA systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted through July 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing GLP-1RAs to placebo in PD. Primary outcomes included MDS-UPDRS Part III (motor examination) both on and off medication. Secondary outcomes included MDS-UPDRS Parts I, II, IV, PDQ-39, NMSS, and adverse effects. Data were pooled using a random-effects model with results reported as mean differences (MD) or risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
resultsFive RCTs involving 708 participants were included. No statistically significant differences were found in MDS-UPDRS Part III scores off medication (MD: -2.00, 95% CI: -4.12 to 0.11, p = 0.06) or on medication (MD: -1.40, 95% CI: -3.42 to 0.62, p = 0.17). Secondary outcomes also showed no significant benefits with GLP-1RA use. However, GLP-1RAs were associated with increased gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea (RR: 2.09), vomiting (RR: 4.53), constipation (RR: 1.60), and weight loss (RR: 1.83).
conclusionCurrent evidence does not demonstrate a statistically significant overall benefit of GLP-1RAs on efficacy outcomes in PD, while gastrointestinal adverse events are increased. More trials are needed to clarify their disease-modifying potential.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.