ArticlePloS one2026
Cardiovascular risk and cognitive performance: A population-based cross-sectional study (NEDICES2-RISK).
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular risk (CVR) factors increase the risk of cognitive impairment. Our objective was to assess the relationship between CVR and cognitive performance by sex in the Spanish population.
methodsCross-sectional analysis nested within the population-based NEDICES-2 cohort. The included participants were 55-75 years old without previous cardiovascular events. CVR was estimated using the REGICOR and FRESCO risk equations. Outcome variable: performance on premorbid intelligence, global cognition, memory, verbal fluency, visuoconstruction, attention, and psychomotor speed. Generalized linear models were built.
results863 participants (56.0% women). Women with higher CVR estimated with FRESCO showed worse cognitive outcomes on Immediate memory test OR: 4.77 (CI95% 1.81-13.80), Delayed memory test OR: 2.86 (CI95% 1.09-7.91), Clock drawing test OR 3.23 (CI95% 1.07-10.10), TMTA-1 timing OR: 6.92 (CI95% 2.43-20.90) and TMTA-2 timing OR 3.89 (CI95% 1.34-11.50%). With moderate versus low CVR they scored worse on Clock drawing test OR 2.08 (CI95% 1.08-4.02), TMTA-1 timing OR: 2.99 (CI95% 1.62-5.58) and TMTA-2 timing OR 2.01 (CI95% 1.06-3.83%). Men with high versus low CVR with REGICOR had lower scores on MMSE-37 OR: 2.41 (CI95% 1.08-5.36), Word accentuation OR: 2.90 (CI95% 1.28-6.67), TMTA-1 OR: 3.68 (CI95% 1.57-8.71) and TMTA-2 OR: 2.82 (CI95% 1.24-6.41). With moderate versus low CVR, they scored worse on TMTA-1 OR: 2.21 (CI95% 1.15-4.41). With FRESCO, men with high versus low CVR were worse on Immediate memory OR: 2.23 (CI95% 1.07-4.70), Word accentuation OR: 2.99 (CI95% 1.25-7.53), and TMTA-1 timing 3.72 (CI95% 1.46-10.3) and the men with moderate versus low CVR. performed worse on MMSE-37 OR: 2.99 (CI95% 1.19-8.27).
conclusionsHigher CVR was associated with worse cognitive performance in the Spanish population 55-75 years old. The most affected cognitive domains were memory, attention and psychomotor speed.
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